Nazis in Canada? A Secret List With Answers May Soon Be Released. 加拿大有納粹？機密名單可望近期公諸於世

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2023/12/29 第465期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 Nazis in Canada? A Secret List With Answers May Soon Be Released. 加拿大有納粹？機密名單可望近期公諸於世 Searching for Humanity in the Middle East 在中東地區尋找人性

Nazis in Canada? A Secret List With Answers May Soon Be Released. 加拿大有納粹？機密名單可望近期公諸於世 文/Ian Austen 譯/陳曉慈 加拿大有納粹？機密名單可望近期公諸於世 For 37 years, Canada has kept close guard on an explosive roster of names. 過去37年來，加拿大一直嚴密看管一份爆炸性名單。 The classified report lists 883 possible Nazi war criminals who found harbor in the country after World War II, and many believe it offers insights into exactly what the government knew about how they got there, the extent to which they were investigated and why most escaped prosecution. 這份機密報告列出二戰結束後，883名以加拿大作為避風港的納粹戰犯嫌疑人，而許多人相信，該報告提供政府對此事知道多少的內情，包括他們如何來到加拿大、接受了多大程度調查，以及為何絕大多數逃過起訴。 Canada's strong privacy laws and government secrecy have keep the report confidential, but a recent political blunder may crack it open. 鑒於加拿大嚴格的隱私法規以及政府保密，該報告始終未解密，但近期的政治烏龍有望打破現狀。 Last September, Canadian lawmakers used the occasion of a visit by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to honor Yaroslav Hunka, a Ukrainian Canadian man who volunteered for the Nazi Waffen-SS, a combat group that also oversaw concentration camps during the Holocaust. 今年9月，加拿大國會議員在烏克蘭總統澤倫斯基來訪之際，表揚了一名烏克蘭裔加拿大人洪卡；他曾自願加入納粹武裝親衛隊，該部隊於二戰大屠殺期間也負責看管集中營。 Now, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's government is discussing whether the time has come to unseal the report. The deliberations began before the celebration of Hunka, said Anthony Housefather, a member of Trudeau's Liberal Party caucus who has been the primary political proponent of declassification. But the episode has increased pressure on the government to finally act. 如今，加拿大總理杜魯多政府正在討論，將這份報告解密的時機是否到了。杜魯多的自由黨黨團成員、支持解密的主要政治推手之一豪斯法特說，相關審議在洪卡被表揚之前就已展開。但這起事件增加了政府採取行動的壓力。 In brief remarks to reporters after Hunka was feted in Parliament, Trudeau said "top public servants are looking very carefully into the releasing the secret list, including digging into the archives." 洪卡於國會受禮遇後，杜魯多簡短回應記者說：「高層公務員正非常謹慎評估是否公開機密名單，包括挖掘歷史檔案」。 He added: "We're going to make recommendations." 他補充說：「我們將提出建議」。 Precisely why the report, the second part of a 1986 inquiry into war criminals in Canada, was classified — even as the first part was released that year — has never been made clear. But some Ukrainian Canadians, whose communities included some former Nazis, bitterly opposed the inquiry, viewing it as a witch hunt and a smear. 這份報告是1986年針對加拿大戰犯調查的第二部分，為什麼列為機密確切原因至今不明，儘管第一部分當年已發表。不過，社群內包括前納粹成員的部分烏克蘭裔加拿大人強烈反對調查，認為調查是政治迫害與抹黑。 The United States has steadily declassified millions of pages of documents related to Nazi war crimes and their perpetrators under a special 1998 disclosure law. 美國已依據1998年的一項特殊披露法令，陸續解密了與納粹戰爭罪及戰犯相關的數百萬頁文件。 In Canada, Jewish groups and scholars have been seeking the release of the report for decades. 數十年來，加拿大的猶太組織與學者一直尋求公開這些報告。 Of four former Nazis charged by Canada with war crimes and crimes against humanity since 1986, when they became crimes under Canadian law, none were convicted. Prosecutions and deportations failed largely because of problems with evidence. 1986年，加拿大將戰爭罪與反人道罪寫入法律，加國政府以此起訴了4名前納粹成員，但無人遭定罪。起訴與驅逐大多因證據問題而失敗。 Searching for Humanity in the Middle East 在中東地區尋找人性 文/David Brooks 譯/羅方妤 在中東地區尋找人性 We're living through an era of collapsing paradigms. The conceptual frames that many people use to organize their understanding of the world are crashing and burning upon contact with Middle Eastern reality. 我們生在典範崩潰的時代。許多人用以組織對世界理解的概念框架，在與中東的現實接觸後崩壞並燒毀。 The first paradigm that failed last month was critical race theory or woke-ism. In any situation, there are evil people who are colonizer/oppressors and good people who are colonized/oppressed. It's not necessary to know about the particular facts about any global conflict, because of intersectionality: All struggles are part of the same struggle between the oppressors and the oppressed. 上月，第一個崩壞的典範是批判性種族主義或覺醒主義。任何狀況下都有殖民者/壓迫者的壞人，及被殖民/被壓迫者的好人。由於其交叉性，沒有必要了解關於任何全球衝突的特定事實：所有鬥爭都是壓迫者和被壓迫者間相同鬥爭的一部分。 American universities exist to give students the conceptual tools to understand the world. It appears that at many universities, students are instead being fed simplistic ideological categories that blind them to reality. 美國大學的存在是為了給予學生概念性工具以理解世界。在許多大學，學生似乎被灌輸的反而是過於簡化的意識形態類別，使他們看不清現實。 The second paradigm that fell apart this month was what you might call "pogromism." This is the belief, common in Jewish communities around the world, that you can draw a straight line from the many antisemitic massacres in ancient history, through the pogroms of the 19th century, through the Holocaust and up to the Hamas massacres of today. 在本月，第二個解體的典範是你可能稱之為「大屠殺主義」的東西。這種信念普遍存在於世界各地的猶太社區，也就是可將許多遠古歷史發生過的反猶大屠殺，連貫到19世紀大屠殺、納粹大屠殺，直至今日的哈瑪斯大屠殺。 The third conceptual paradigm under threat is the one I have generally used to organize how I see the Middle East conflict: the two-state paradigm. This paradigm is based on the notion that this conflict will end when there are two states with two peoples living side by side. People like me see events in the Middle East as tactical moves each side is taking to secure the best eventual outcome for themselves. 第三個面臨威脅的典範，通常被我用來組織如何看待中東衝突：兩國範例。這個範例建構於這種觀念，就是如果有兩個國家讓兩個民族並存，衝突就會結束。像我這樣的人看待中東事件，會認為這是雙方為確保獲得最佳結果所採取的戰略行動。 The worldview that has been buttressed by last month's events is unfortunately the one I find loathsome. You can call it authoritarian nihilism, which binds Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin and other strongmen: that we live in a dog-eat-dog world; life is a competition to grab what you can; power is what matters; morality, decency, gentleness, and international norms are luxuries we cannot afford because our enemies are out to destroy us; and we need to be led by ruthless amoralists to take on the ruthless amoralists who seek to take us down. 不幸的是，我發現上月事件所支撐的世界觀是令人厭惡的。你可以稱之為威權虛無主義，這將美國前總統川普、俄羅斯總統普亭和其他強人聯繫在一起：我們生活在一個狗咬狗的世界；人生是場盡可能奪取的競賽；權力才是最重要的；道德、正直、溫和和國際規範是我們無法負擔的奢侈品，因為我們的敵人正試圖消滅我們；而我們需要在無情非道德主義者的領導下，去對抗試圖打倒我們的無情非道德主義者。 Some events alter the models we use to perceive reality, and the events of Oct. 7 fit that category. It feels as if we're teetering between universalist worldviews that recognize our common humanity and tribal worldviews in which others are just animals to be annihilated. What Israel does next will influence what worldview prevails in the 21st century. 有些事件改變了我們用以看待現實的模型，而10月7日發生的事符合這個類別。這感覺像是我們正在兩種世界觀之間擺盪，普世主義世界觀認可我們的共同人性，部落世界觀認為其他人只是需要消滅的動物。以色列下一步行動，將影響哪種世界觀在21世紀盛行。

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