Israeli Press Feeling Fear In Covering Dissenters 國難當前 以國記者憂寒蟬效應

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2023/12/22 第464期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 Israeli Press Feeling Fear In Covering Dissenters 國難當前 以國記者憂寒蟬效應 Silicon Valley Ditches News, Shaking an Unstable Industry 矽谷放棄新聞服務 新聞業更加震盪不安

Israeli Press Feeling Fear In Covering Dissenters 國難當前 以國記者憂寒蟬效應 文/Emma Goldberg 譯/高詣軒 國難當前 以國記者憂寒蟬效應 Last weekend, at least a dozen people surrounded the home of a left-wing Israeli commentator who had expressed concern about civilian deaths in the Gaza Strip, shouting "traitor" and firing flares in his direction. 上周末，至少10多人包圍一名以色列左派時事評論者的家，高喊「叛國賊」並朝他家的方向發射照明彈。該評論者先前對加薩走廊平民喪命表達擔憂。 This past week, a prominent right-wing activist posted a video of himself shouting at and threatening members of a TV crew that was filming Israeli soldiers. Other journalists say they are getting threats and being harassed on social media. 過去一周，一名知名右派社運人士發布一段影片，片中他對著數名正在拍攝以色列軍人的電視台工作人員大吼並口出威脅。有其他記者表示，他們收到威脅訊息，並在社群媒體上遭到騷擾。 In Israel, many journalists are covering the war while processing their own grief and shock over the surprise attacks by Hamas on Oct. 7. Some lost relatives in the attacks. 在以色列，許多記者一邊報導戰局，一邊整頓自己對10月7日哈瑪斯突擊的哀痛與震驚。部分記者的家屬遇襲喪生。 But some Israeli journalists and supporters of the press say that covering the war has become even more difficult because of the vitriol they have received from fellow Israelis who have been upset by their questioning of the country's actions in response to the Hamas attacks. 但一些以色列記者和媒體支持者表示，報導這場戰事已更加困難，因為當他們對國家回應哈瑪斯攻擊的作為提出質疑，就會收到不滿的以色列同胞給予尖刻批評。 Expressing dissenting opinions has become even more fraught than in previous conflicts, said Anat Saragusti, a senior staff member for the 1,500-member Union of Journalists, an Israeli organization. 成員有1,500人的以色列團體「記者聯盟」高級職員薩拉古斯蒂表示，比起過去多場衝突，如今要表達異議變得更加令人顧忌。 "It has a chilling effect," Saragusti said. 「這有一種寒蟬效應」，薩拉古斯蒂說。 Journalists and media experts attributed the change to several factors: The attacks by Hamas have been especially traumatizing for Israelis. The media environment has grown more polarized in recent years. And the spread of misinformation, particularly on WhatsApp and social media platforms including Facebook and X, formerly known as Twitter, has intensified existing viewpoints. 記者和媒體專家將這項改變歸因於若干因素：哈瑪斯這次攻擊讓以色列人備感創傷；近年媒體環境走向更加兩極化；另還有假消息的散布，特別是在WhatsApp和臉書、X（前稱推特）等社群平台上，使得既有觀點受到加強。 "There are fewer people voicing opposition to the Israeli operation," said Natan Sachs, director of the Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution in Washington. "There is much more vitriol toward those who do." 「愈來愈少人對以色列的行動表達反對」，華府「布魯金斯研究所」中東政策中心主任薩克斯說，「對於表達異議者，則有更多刻薄批評」。 Sachs noted that the polarized media environment was not unique to Israel, although it has increased in the country in recent years, in part because Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has made the press a focus of his energy. Two of three criminal cases that Netanyahu has been involved in feature accusations of wrongdoing in pursuing positive media coverage, which he has denied. 薩克斯指出，兩極化的媒體環境並非以色列獨有，但近年在以國，此現象已加劇，部分原因是以色列總理內唐亞胡將媒體當作投注心力的重點之一。內唐亞胡至今捲入的3起刑事案件中，有2起指控他尋求媒體正面報導時做出不當行為；他已否認。 Silicon Valley Ditches News, Shaking an Unstable Industry 矽谷放棄新聞服務 新聞業更加震盪不安 文/Mike Isaac, Katie Robertson, 譯/羅方妤 矽谷放棄新聞服務 新聞業更加震盪不安 Campbell Brown, Facebook's top news executive, said last month that she was leaving the company. Twitter, now known as X, removed headlines from the platform days later. The head of Instagram's Threads app, an X competitor, reiterated that his social network would not amplify news. 臉書最高新聞主管坎貝兒．布朗上月表示，她會離開公司。推特，也就是現在大家所知的X，在數天後從平台移除頭條新聞。X的競爭對手、Instagram的應用程式Thread負責人重申，他的社群網路不會增強新聞能見度。 Even Google — the strongest partner to news organizations over the past 10 years — has become less dependable, making publishers more wary of their reliance on the search giant. The company has laid off news employees in two recent team reorganizations, and some publishers say traffic from Google has tapered off. 甚至谷歌這個過去10年新聞組織的最強夥伴，也變得較不可靠，導致出版商對於仰賴這個搜尋引擎巨頭態度更謹慎。該公司在近期兩次團隊組織改造解雇新聞員工，有些出版商表示源自谷歌的新聞流量已逐漸變少。 If it wasn't clear before, it's clear now: The major online platforms are breaking up with news. 如果說之前事態尚不清楚，那麼現在清楚了：主要線上平台正和新聞分手。 Some executives of the largest tech companies, like Adam Mosseri at Instagram, have said in no uncertain terms that hosting news on their sites can often be more trouble than it is worth because it generates polarized debates. Others, like Elon Musk, the owner of X, have expressed disdain for the mainstream press. Publishers seem resigned to the idea that traffic from the big tech companies will not return to what it once was. 有些大型科技公司主管，像是Instagram的莫瑟里，就曾明確地說，在他們的網站上提供新聞支援，通常帶來的麻煩可能比其價值多，因為這會產生兩極化辯論。其他人，像是X的所有人馬斯克，則表達對主流媒體的蔑視。出版商似乎已接受來自大型科技公司的流量不會恢復到以往的看法。 Even in the long-fractious relationship between publishers and tech platforms, the latest rift stands out — and the consequences for the news industry are stark. 即使出版商和科技平台本就長期關係緊張，新的分歧也很明顯，且對新聞業的影響顯而易見。 Many news companies have struggled to survive after the tech companies threw the industry's business model into upheaval more than a decade ago. One lifeline was the traffic — and, by extension, advertising — that came from sites like Facebook and Twitter. 超過10年前，科技公司讓新聞產業商業模式陷入巨變，許多新聞公司就已奮力求存。其中一個命脈就是源自臉書和推特等網站的流量，進而延伸到廣告。 Now that traffic is disappearing. Top news sites got about 11.5% of their web traffic in the United States from social networks in September 2020, according to Similarweb, a data and analytics company. By September this year, it was down to 6.5%. 現在流量正在消逝。數據和分析公司Similarweb指出，美國頂尖新聞網站2020年9月網頁流量約11.5%來自社群網路，到今年9月降至6.5%。 "The disruption to an already difficult business model is real," Adrienne LaFrance, executive editor of The Atlantic, said in an interview. LaFrance noted that while social traffic had always gone through boom and bust times, the slide in the past 12 to 18 months had been more severe than most publishers expected. 「大西洋月刊」總編輯艾德麗安．拉法蘭斯在一次訪談中表示，「對這項本已困難商業模式的破壞，是真實存在的」。拉法蘭斯指出，儘管來自社群網路的流量總會歷經起伏，但過去12至18個月下滑狀況比大多數出版商預期的還嚴重。 "This is a post-social web," she added. 她補充說：「這是一個後社群網路。」 It didn't start out this way. During the rise of the consumer internet roughly 20 years ago, companies like Google, Facebook and Twitter embraced journalism, and articles from traditional media companies appeared on their platforms. 一開始並不是這樣。約20年前消費網際網路崛起時，谷歌、臉書和推特等公司擁抱新聞業，傳統媒體公司的文章出現在他們的平台上。

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