Scottish Hate Crime Law Takes Effect as Critics Warn It Will Stifle Speech 蘇格蘭仇恨犯罪法生效 遭批箝制言論自由

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2024/05/31 第487期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 Scottish Hate Crime Law Takes Effect as Critics Warn It Will Stifle Speech 蘇格蘭仇恨犯罪法生效 遭批箝制言論自由 Ocean Heat Has Shattered Records for More Than a Year. What's Happening? 海洋高溫屢破紀錄 原因不僅是氣候變遷

Scottish Hate Crime Law Takes Effect as Critics Warn It Will Stifle Speech 蘇格蘭仇恨犯罪法生效 遭批箝制言論自由 文/Sopan Deb 譯/羅方妤 蘇格蘭仇恨犯罪法生效 遭批箝制言論自由 A sweeping law targeting hate speech went into effect in Scotland on Monday, promising protection against threats and abuse but drawing criticism that it could have a chilling effect on free speech. 一項鎖定仇恨言論的全面性法律周一在蘇格蘭生效，承諾防止威脅和辱罵，但該法引發批評，稱可能對言論自由產生寒蟬效應。 The law, passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2021, expands protections for marginalized groups and creates a new charge of "stirring up hatred," which makes it a criminal offense to communicate or behave in a way that "a reasonable person would consider to be threatening, abusive or insulting." 蘇格蘭議會2021年通過這項法律，擴大保護邊緣群體，並設立新罪名「煽動仇恨」，將「一個理性的人認為是威脅、辱罵和侮辱」的溝通和行為定為刑事犯罪。 A conviction could lead to a fine and a prison sentence of up to seven years. 被定罪可能處以罰金和最高七年監禁。 The protected classes as defined in the law include age, disability, religion, sexual orientation and transgender identity. Racial hatred was omitted because it is already covered by a law from 1986. The new law also does not include women among the protected groups; a government task force has recommended that misogyny be addressed in separate legislation. 法律定義的受保護群體，包括年齡、身心障礙、宗教、性別定位和跨性別認同。種族仇恨被排除，因為已被1986年的一項法律涵蓋。新法也沒有將女性納入受保護群體；一個政府小組已建議透過單獨立法處理厭女症。 J.K. Rowling, the "Harry Potter" author who has been criticized as transphobic for her comments on gender identity, said the law was "wide-open to abuse by activists," and took issue with its omission of women. 「哈利波特」作者羅琳因其性別認同言論被批評為恐跨性別者，她說，這項法律「非常容易被維權人士濫用」，並質疑該法遺漏女性。 Rowling, who lives in Edinburgh, Scotland, said in a lengthy social media post Monday that Scotland's Parliament had placed "higher value on the feelings of men performing their idea of femaleness, however misogynistically or opportunistically, than on the rights and freedoms of actual women and girls." 居住在蘇格蘭愛丁堡的羅琳，周一在一篇社群媒體長篇貼文寫道，蘇格蘭議會「更重視男性展現他們對女性觀點的感受，無論是厭女的還是投機的，而非實際的婦女和女孩的權利與自由」。 "I'm currently out of the country, but if what I've written here qualifies as an offense under the terms of the new act," she added, "I look forward to being arrested when I return to the birthplace of the Scottish Enlightenment." 她補充說：「我目前在國外，但如果根據新法的條款，我寫在這裡的內容構成犯罪；我期待在我回到蘇格蘭啟蒙運動發源地時被捕。」 On Tuesday, police in Scotland said that while Rowling's post had generated complaints, the author would not be facing criminal charges. 蘇格蘭警方周二表示，儘管羅琳的貼文引起民眾投訴，但她不會面臨刑事指控。 The new law has long had the support of Scotland's first minister, Humza Yousaf. Yousaf was asked directly Monday about the criticism from Rowling and others who oppose the law. 這項新法長久以來受到蘇格蘭首席大臣尤沙夫支持。尤沙夫周一直接被問及羅琳和其他反對新法者的言論。 "It is not Twitter police. It is not activists, it is not the media. It is not, thank goodness, even politicians who decide ultimately whether or not crime has been committed," Yousaf told Sky News. He said it would be up to "the police to investigate and the crown, and the threshold for criminality is incredibly high." 尤沙夫告訴天空新聞，「決定是否犯罪的不是推特警察，不是維權人士，不是媒體，幸虧也不是政治人物」。他稱這將「交由警方和官方認定，構成犯罪的門檻會非常高」。 Ocean Heat Has Shattered Records for More Than a Year. What's Happening? 海洋高溫屢破紀錄 原因不僅是氣候變遷 文/Delger Erdenesanaa 譯/羅方妤 海洋高溫屢破紀錄 原因不僅是氣候變遷 The ocean has now broken temperature records every day for more than a year. And so far, 2024 has continued 2023's trend of beating previous records by wide margins. In fact, the whole planet has been hot for months, according to many different data sets. 超過一年以來，海洋每天都在打破海溫紀錄。到目前為止，2024年延續了2023年趨勢，持續大幅度打破先前創下的紀錄。事實上，許多不同資料集指出，整個地球已處於炎熱狀態數月。 "There's no ambiguity about the data," said Gavin Schmidt, a climatologist and the director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. "So really, it's a question of attribution." 美國太空總署哥達德太空研究所所長、氣候學家施密特表示：「這些數據沒有模稜兩可之處。所以說實話，這是一個歸因的問題。」 Understanding what specific physical processes are behind these temperature records will help scientists improve their climate models and better predict temperatures in the future. 理解這些溫度記錄背後的特定物理變化過程，將協助科學家改善他們的氣候模型，並在未來更能預測氣溫。 Last month, the average global sea surface temperature reached a new monthly high of 21.07 degrees Celsius, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Service, a research institution funded by the European Union. 歐盟資助的研究機構「哥白尼氣候變化服務」指上月全球海面平均溫度達到攝氏21.07度的每月溫度新高。 "March 2024 continues the sequence of climate records toppling for both air temperature and ocean surface temperatures," Samantha Burgess, deputy director of Copernicus, said in a statement. 哥白尼氣候變化服務副主任珊曼莎．勃吉斯在一份聲明中表示：「2024年3月，氣溫和海面溫度持續刷新一系列氣候紀錄。」 The tropical Atlantic is abnormally warm, helping set the stage for a busy hurricane season, according to an early forecast by scientists at Colorado State University. Higher ocean temperatures provide more energy to fuel stronger storms. 美國科羅拉多州立大學科學家一份早期預測指出，熱帶大西洋異常溫暖，為繁忙的颶風季節鋪路。較高海溫會提供更多能量，助長更強的風暴發展。 Global temperatures are rising long-term because the burning of fossil fuels adds greenhouse gases, which warm the planet, to the atmosphere. So far, climate change has raised the global average temperature by about 1.2 degrees Celsius above the preindustrial average temperature. And because it takes more energy to heat up water than air, the oceans have absorbed the vast majority of the planet's warming from greenhouse gases. 由於燃燒化石燃料增加大氣中導致地球暖化的溫室氣體，全球氣溫長期以來一直上升。目前為止，氣候變遷已使全球平均氣溫較工業化前均溫升高攝氏1.2度。再加上加熱水比加熱空氣需要更多能量，海洋已吸收大部分溫室氣體產生的暖化。 But the "massive, massive records" set over the past year are beyond what scientists would expect to see even considering climate change, Schmidt said. 但施密特說，即使是考慮到氣候變遷，過去一整年創下的「大批、大批紀錄」也超出科學家預期。 What's different now, compared with this time last year, is that the planet is dealing with the effects of an El Niño event that began in July. El Niño events are natural climate patterns associated with elevated temperatures. 與去年此時相比，現在不同的是地球正在應對去年7月開始的聖嬰現象影響。聖嬰現象是和氣溫上升有關的自然氣候模式。 "The temperatures that we're seeing now, the records being broken in February and March, are actually much more in line with what we would expect," compared with those of last year, Schmidt said. "Let's see what happens by the summer." 施密特稱，與去年相比，「現在觀察到的氣溫，即2月和3月打破的紀錄，事實上更符合預期。讓我們看看今年夏季前會發生什麼」。 El Niño is weakening and expected to dissipate soon. What happens to global average temperatures then would help shed light on the temperatures of 2023, he said. 聖嬰現象正在減弱且預計很快就會消散。他說，屆時全球平均氣溫的變化將有助於說明2023年的氣溫。

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