How AI Could Reshape the Economic Geography of America AI如何重塑美國的經濟地理

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2025/02/21 第525期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 How AI Could Reshape the Economic Geography of America AI如何重塑美國的經濟地理 Biden Celebrates a Milestone on Judicial Confirmations After a Major Push by Democrats 民主黨力催 拜登任命法官數達里程碑

How AI Could Reshape the Economic Geography of America AI如何重塑美國的經濟地理 文/Steve Lohr 譯/周辰陽 AI如何重塑美國的經濟地理 Chattanooga, Tennessee, a midsize Southern city, is on no one's list of artificial intelligence hot spots. 田納西州的查塔努加是一座中等規模的南方城市，不在任何人的人工智慧熱點名單上。 But as the technology's use moves beyond a few big city hubs and is more widely adopted across the economy, Chattanooga and other once-struggling cities in the Midwest, mid-Atlantic and South are poised to be among the unlikely winners, a recent study found. 但最近一項研究發現，隨著這項技術的使用超出幾個大城市樞紐，在整個經濟體系獲得更廣泛採用，查塔努加與其他中西部、中大西洋與南方一些曾陷入困境的城市，將成為不可能的贏家。 The shared attributes of these metropolitan areas include an educated workforce, affordable housing and workers who are mostly in occupations and industries less likely to be replaced or disrupted by AI, according to the study by two labor economists, Scott Abrahams, an assistant professor at Louisiana State University, and Frank Levy, a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. These cities are well positioned to use AI to become more productive, helping to draw more people to those areas. 根據路易斯安那州立大學助理教授亞伯拉罕斯與麻省理工學院名譽教授李維兩位勞動經濟學家的研究，這些都會地區的共同屬性包括受過教育的勞動力與合宜住宅，勞工大多從事不太可能被AI取代或顛覆的職業和產業。這些城市非常適合運用AI變得更有生產力，有助吸引更多人到這些地區。 The study is part of a growing body of research pointing to the potential for chatbot-style AI to fuel a reshaping of the population and labor market map of America. AI's transformative force could change the nation's economy and politics, much like other technological revolutions. 這項研究是越來越多研究成果的一部分，指向聊天機器人式AI有潛力推動重塑美國人口和勞動力市場版圖。就像其他技術革命一樣，AI的變革力量可能改變美國的經濟和政治。 "This is a powerful technology that will sweep through American offices with potentially very significant geographic implications," said Mark Muro, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, where he studies the regional effects of technology and government policy. 在布魯金斯研究院研究技術和政府政策區域影響的資深研究員穆羅說，「這是一項強大的技術，將橫掃美國各個辦公室，可能帶來非常重大的地理影響」。 At issue is a new and rapidly growing breed of the technology known as generative AI, which can quickly draft business reports, write software and answer questions, often with human-level skill. Already, predictions abound that generative AI will displace workers in call centers, software developers and business analysts. 最關鍵的是一種新興且快速發展的技術類型，名為生成式AI，可以快速草擬業務報告、編寫軟體和回答問題，通常具有人類水平的技能。已有大量預測指出，生成式AI將取代電話服務中心工作人員、軟體開發人員和業務分析師。 A series of studies have concluded that the impact is likely to be substantial, perhaps automating the equivalent of millions of jobs. 一系列的研究認為，影響可能很重大，或許相當於數百萬個工作自動化。 To date, the regions benefiting the most from the rapidly progressing technology have been a handful of metro areas where scientists are building AI, including Silicon Valley. 到目前為止，從這項正在迅速發展技術受益最多的地區，是科學家正在建構AI的少數都會區，包括矽谷。 But those places are also some of the ones most apt to face issues as AI gets better and can automate jobs, according to the labor economists' study. 但根據這兩位勞動經濟學家的研究，隨著AI變得更好以及可讓工作自動化，那些地方也是最容易面臨問題的地方。 Biden Celebrates a Milestone on Judicial Confirmations After a Major Push by Democrats 民主黨力催 拜登任命法官數達里程碑 文/Zach Montague 譯/羅方妤 民主黨力催 拜登任命法官數達里程碑 President Joe Biden celebrated the confirmation of 235 federal judges over the course of his presidency, the culmination of an intense effort by Democrats in his term's waning months to match President-elect Donald Trump's total four years ago. 美國總統拜登慶祝在任內確認了235名聯邦法官人事案，這是他總統任期即將結束的數月間，民主黨加緊努力的巔峰，以便和美國總統當選人川普四年前任命的聯邦法官總數打平。 The 235 federal judges confirmed to lifetime positions by the Senate, including one Supreme Court justice, barely surpassed the 234 confirmed under Trump during his first term. 聯邦參議院確認235名聯邦法官終身職，包括一名最高法院大法官，人數剛好超過川普第一任期內確認的234人。 In reaching that milestone, Biden said his legacy would be creating a bulwark against threats to democracy and empowering individuals who would respect legal precedent — a subtle nod to the Supreme Court's overturning of Roe v. Wade and other major reversals that occurred during his presidency. 達成這個里程碑時，拜登表示，他的政績將是建造一座抵禦民主威脅的堡壘，並賦予權力給尊重法律先例的個人。這是對最高法院推翻羅訴韋德案及他任內其他重大翻案的微妙暗示。 "Together, these judges are going to hear cases on issues, ruling on from everything from whether Americans can cast their ballot, I mean literally how they can cast their ballot, when it will be counted," Biden said. "Whether workers can unionize — I thought we settled that in 1934 — and make a living wage for their families; whether their children can breathe clean air and drink clean water." 拜登表示：「這些法官合起來將審理涉及各種議題的案件，裁決包括美國人是否能夠投票，我的意思真的是他們可以如何投票，以及何時計票。還有工人是否能組織工會，我以為我們1934年就解決了那件事，及能否為他們的家人賺取賴以為生的薪資；他們的子女能否呼吸到乾淨的空氣和喝到乾淨的水。」 Flanked by Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, the majority leader, and Sen. Dick Durbin of Illinois, the chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Biden joked about the great lengths the three of them had gone through to hold votes on his nominees last year. 在參院多數黨領袖、紐約州聯邦參議員舒默和參院司法委員會主席、伊利諾州聯邦參議員德賓簇擁下，拜登開玩笑表示，他們三人去年為了讓他的提名人舉行投票費盡心思。 But he said the breakneck pace proved his administration's commitment to elevating women and people of color to the federal judiciary; some two-thirds of his nominees fell into one or both categories. 但他指出，這種快速步伐，證明他的政府致力在司法部門提升女性和有色人種；他的提名人選約三分之二屬於其中一類，或同時是這兩類。 "When I ran for president, I made a promise that I'd have a bench that looks like America, and taps into the full talents of this nation," he said. "And I'm proud we've kept our commitment," he continued, citing the "help of these two men, and many others" in "bolstering confidence in judicial decision making and outcomes." 他說：「我競選總統時就承諾，我將擁有一個看起來像美國的法院，並充分利用這個國家的人才。」拜登繼續說道，「我們履行了這個承諾讓我自豪」，並表彰「這兩個人和其他許多人的幫助，增強對司法判決和結果的信心」。 The 235 judges confirmed under Biden represent more than a quarter of all the judges on the federal bench, and the number of women and people of color included in the final tally outstripped all of Biden's predecessors. 拜登任內確認了235名法官，占所有聯邦法院法官人數逾四分之一，並且在最終統計中，女性和有色人種法官數目超過所有拜登之前的總統。

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