Europe’s Economy Is Stuck In Between China and U.S. 歐洲經濟陷於中美博弈的困境

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2025/08/29 第552期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 Europe's Economy Is Stuck In Between China and U.S. 歐洲經濟陷於中美博弈的困境 How Do You Teach Computer Science in the AI Era? AI時代的資訊科學該怎麼教？

Europe's Economy Is Stuck In Between China and U.S. 歐洲經濟陷於中美博弈的困境 文/Jeanna Smialek and Keith Bra 譯/羅方妤 歐洲經濟陷於中美博弈的困境 It once looked to many as if President Donald Trump could be a reason for Europe and China to bring their economies closer. His planned tariffs did little to distinguish the European Union, a longtime ally of the United States, from China, the principal challenger to American primacy. 曾經，許多人認為美國總統川普可能是歐洲和中國大陸經濟變得更親近的原因。他計畫對長期盟友歐盟國家，及美國主導地位的主要挑戰者中國大陸所課徵的關稅稅率幾乎沒有差別。 It hasn't turned out that way. 結果並非如此。 Instead, the European Union finds itself in a geopolitical chokehold between the world's two largest economies. 相反地，歐盟發現自己陷入世界兩個最大經濟體間的地緣政治困境。 In Brussels, officials are trying to secure a rough trade deal with their American counterparts before Trump hits the bloc with high, across-the-board tariffs that could clobber the bloc's economy. At the same time, European Union policymakers are trying to prod their counterparts in Beijing to stop supporting Russia, to stop helping Chinese industry with so much state money and to slow the flow of cheap goods into the European Union. 在布魯塞爾，官員們試圖在川普以高額、全面關稅打擊歐盟，並使歐盟經濟可能蒙受損失前，確保和美國達成大致的貿易協議。同時，歐盟政策制定者正試圖敦促中方停止支持俄羅斯，停止以這麼多的國家資金協助大陸產業和減緩廉價商品流入歐盟的速度。 But at a moment of upheaval in the global trading system, the bloc also needs to keep its relationship with China, the world's leading manufacturing superpower, on a relatively stable footing. 但在全球貿易系統動盪的時刻，歐盟也需要與世界領先的製造業超級大國中國保持相對穩定的關係。 Leaders from the European Union are scheduled to be in Beijing for a summit in late July, plans for which have been in flux. Hopes for the gathering are low. Even as China pushes the idea that Trump's hostility to multilateral trade is prodding Europe into its arms, Europe's problems with China are only growing. 歐盟領導人預定七月底赴北京參加峰會，相關計畫一直變動中。對這次峰會期望不高。儘管中國試圖推銷川普對多邊貿易的敵意正將歐洲推向其懷抱的觀點，歐洲與中國的問題卻日益增加。 Tensions were on full display last week, when Wang Yi, China's foreign minister, visited Brussels for meetings in the run-up to the summit. China portrayed the tone as productive and dismissed the notion that the two sides had conflicts. European Union officials stressed lingering pain points, including trade imbalances. 雙方間的緊張局勢在上周一覽無遺。中國大陸外交部長王毅到訪布魯塞爾，參加峰會召開前的會談。中國大陸將這次會談氣氛描繪成富有成效，否認有說法稱雙方有發生衝突。歐盟官員強調持續存在的痛點，包括貿易失衡。 The divide was underscored this weekend. The European Union recently moved to curb government spending on medical devices from China, arguing that Chinese government agencies had been treating European companies unfairly and that it was necessary to level the playing field. China announced Sunday that it would retaliate. 這個分歧在本周末更明顯。歐盟最近採取行動，限制政府採購中國大陸醫療器械，主張中國大陸政府機構一直不公平對待歐洲公司，有必要提供公平競爭的環境。中國大陸周日宣布他們會採取報復。 Yet the European Union remains in a delicate dance with China. Economic ties between the two economies are extensive. Many European countries remain heavily dependent on China for industrial materials. And European exports to China remain substantial, especially from Germany, which has long had close trade ties with China. 但歐盟和中國大陸的關係依然微妙。兩個經濟體間的經濟聯繫廣泛。許多歐洲國家仍嚴重依賴中國大陸提供工業原料。而且歐洲對中國大陸出口量依舊龐大，特別是德國，該國和中國大陸長期保持緊密的貿易聯繫。 But Europe's exports have been dwindling as Chinese imports into the bloc have been surging. 但隨著中國大陸進入歐盟商品數量增加，歐盟出口卻一直減少。 How Do You Teach Computer Science in the AI Era? AI時代的資訊科學該怎麼教？ 文/Steve Lohr 譯/江昱蓁 AI時代的資訊科學該怎麼教？ Carnegie Mellon University has a well-earned reputation as one of the nation's top schools for computer science. Its graduates go on to work at big tech companies, startups and research labs worldwide. 卡內基美隆大學是美國電腦科學院校的佼佼者，遠近馳名，畢業生投入全球各地大型科技企業、新創公司及研究機構。 Still, for all its past success, the department's faculty is planning a retreat this summer to rethink what the school should be teaching to adapt to the rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence. 即便過去成就斐然，該系的教職員仍計畫今年夏天舉行共識營，思考學校授課內容以適應生成式人工智慧的快速進展。 The technology has "really shaken computer science education," said Thomas Cortina, a professor and an associate dean of the university's undergraduate programs. 該校電腦科學學院教授兼本科課程副院長科締納說，AI科技「確實震撼了資訊科學教育」。 Computer science, more than any other field of study, is being challenged by generative AI. 與其他研究領域相比，資訊科學正受到生成式AI的挑戰。 The AI technology behind chatbots such as ChatGPT, which can write essays and answer questions with humanlike fluency, is making inroads across academia. But AI is coming fastest and most forcefully to computer science, which emphasizes writing code, the language of computers. 像ChatGPT這類聊天機器人背後的AI科技，正在學術界開疆闢土，它們能像人類一樣流利地撰寫論文與回答問題。但是AI正以最快、最有力之姿進入資訊科學領域，而該領域又強調編寫程式碼，也就是電腦的語言。 Big tech companies and startups have introduced AI assistants that can generate code and are rapidly becoming more capable. And in January, Mark Zuckerberg, Meta's CEO, predicted that AI technology would effectively match the performance of a midlevel software engineer sometime this year. 大型科技企業與新創公司紛紛推出能產生程式碼的AI助手，並能快速提升能力。今年一月，Meta執行長兼共同創辦人祖克柏預測，AI科技將在今年某個時間點與中級軟體工程師的表現相當。 Computer science programs at universities across the country are now scrambling to understand the implications of the technological transformation, grappling with what to keep teaching in the AI era. Ideas range from less emphasis on mastering programming languages to focusing on hybrid courses designed to inject computing into every profession, as educators ponder what the tech jobs of the future will look like in an AI economy. 如今全美大學中的資訊科技學程忙著理解科技轉型的影響，苦思AI時代該保留哪些授課內容。教育工作者思考著在AI經濟時代，未來的科技工作樣貌為何，並提出各式想法，從減少要求學生對程式語言的掌握，到設計將運算注入各行各業的混合課程。 Heightening the sense of urgency is a tech job market that has tightened in recent years. Computer science graduates are finding that job offers, once plentiful, are often scarce. Tech companies are relying more on AI for some aspects of coding, eliminating some entry-level work. 隨著科技就業市場在近年的緊縮，更加劇這股緊迫感。資訊科學畢業生發現曾經充足的工作機會如今變得稀少。科技企業在部分編碼已愈來愈依賴AI，並減少入門工作機會。 The National Science Foundation is funding a program, Level Up AI, to bring together university and community college educators and researchers to move toward a shared vision of the essentials of AI education. The 18-month project, run by the Computing Research Association, a research and education nonprofit, in partnership with New Mexico State University, is organizing conferences and round tables and producing white papers to share resources and best practices. 美國國家科學基金會正資助一項名為「AI升級」的計畫，彙集大學與社區學院的教育工作者和研究人員，探討AI教育必要的共同願景。計畫為期18個月，由非營利的研究與教育組織電腦研究協會與新墨西哥州立大學合作經營，透過組織各式會議與圓桌論壇、發布白皮書，分享資源並精進實務經驗。

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