How the Kremlin Is Forcing Ukrainians to Adopt Russian Life 俄國逼迫烏克蘭人接受俄式生活

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2022/09/09 第399期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 How the Kremlin Is Forcing Ukrainians to Adopt Russian Life 俄國逼迫烏克蘭人接受俄式生活 Wealthy Friends May Be Ticket Out of Poverty 脫貧之道可能在於從小結交富友

How the Kremlin Is Forcing Ukrainians to Adopt Russian Life 俄國逼迫烏克蘭人接受俄式生活 文/Anton Troianovski, Valerie H 譯/莊蕙嘉 俄國逼迫烏克蘭人接受俄式生活 They have handed out Russian passports, cellphone numbers and set-top boxes for watching Russian television. They have replaced Ukrainian currency with the ruble, rerouted the internet through Russian servers and arrested hundreds who have resisted assimilation. 他們發出俄國護照、手機門號和觀看俄國電視用的機上盒。他們已用盧布取代烏克蘭貨幣，把網路經由俄國伺服器傳送，並逮捕數百名抵抗同化的人。 In ways big and small, the occupying authorities on territory won by Moscow's forces are using fear and indoctrination to compel Ukrainians to adopt a Russian way of life. "We are one people," blue-white-and-red billboards say. "We are with Russia." 透過各種大大小小的方式，莫斯科部隊占領區的執政當局，正利用恐懼和洗腦，壓迫烏克蘭人接受俄國生活方式。「我們是同一個民族」，藍白紅三色的看板寫道，「我們與俄國同在」。 Now comes the next act in President Vladimir Putin's 21st-century version of a war of conquest: the grassroots "referendum." 如今俄國總統普亭的21世紀征服戰願景準備進行下一步：草根式「公投」。 Russia-appointed administrators in cities like Kherson in Ukraine's south are setting the stage for a vote as early as September that the Kremlin will present as a popular desire to become part of Russia. They are recruiting pro-Russia locals for new "election commissions" and promoting to Ukrainian civilians the putative benefits of joining their country. 俄國在烏克蘭南部刻松等城市指派的官員，正安排一場最快9月舉行的投票，克里姆林宮將此包裝成大眾渴望成為俄國一分子。他們召募親俄的當地人，成立新的「選舉委員會」，並向烏克蘭平民宣傳加入他們國家的潛在好處。 Any referendum would be totally illegitimate, Ukrainian and Western officials say, but it would carry ominous consequences. Analysts in Moscow and Ukraine expect that it would serve as a prelude to Putin's officially declaring the conquered area to be Russian territory, protected by Russian nuclear weapons — making future attempts by Ukraine to drive out Russian forces potentially much more costly. 烏克蘭和西方官員說，任何公投都是完全不合法，會帶來不良後果。莫斯科和烏克蘭的分析家預估，這會是普亭正式宣布將征服地區納入俄國領土的序幕，在俄國核武保護下，未來烏克蘭要趕走俄軍代價可能會更加慘烈。 Kherson is one of four regions in which officials are signaling planned referendums, along with Zaporizhzhia in the south and Luhansk and Donetsk in the east. While the Kremlin says it will be up to the area's residents to "determine their own future," 刻松是官員預告計畫舉辦公投的四個地區之一，其他包括南部的札波羅熱，以及東部的盧甘斯克和頓內次克。雖然克宮說，這些地區的居民「將決定他們自己的未來」。 As a result, a scramble to mobilize the residents of Russian-occupied territories for a referendum is increasingly visible on the ground. 正因如此，匆忙動員俄國占領區居民參加公投的行動，在當地已愈來愈明顯。 The Russian-appointed authorities of the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions, for instance, announced that they were forming "election commissions" to prepare for referendums, which one official said could happen Sept. 11 — a day when local and regional elections are scheduled to be held across Russia. 例如，札波羅熱和刻松地區的俄國指派當局宣布，他們正籌組「選舉委員會」，為公投作準備，一名官員說可能於9月11日舉行，這天是俄國預定全國舉行地方及區域選舉日。 "Russia is beginning to roll out a version of what you could call an annexation playbook," John Kirby, spokesperson for the National Security Council, said last month. 美國國家安全會議發言人柯比上月表示，「俄國開始大量鋪陳一個你可稱之為併吞劇本的版本」。 Wealthy Friends May Be Ticket Out of Poverty 脫貧之道可能在於從小結交富友 文/Claire Cain Miller, Josh Kat 譯/陳韋廷 脫貧之道可能在於從小結交富友 Over the last four decades, the financial circumstances into which children have been born have increasingly determined where they have ended up as adults. But an expansive new study, based on billions of social media connections, has uncovered a powerful exception to that pattern that helps explain why certain places offer a path out of poverty. 過去40年，小孩出生時的經濟環境，對他們成年後的結局日益具有決定性，但一項基於數十億社群媒體聯繫的廣泛新研究，發現了這種模式的一個強大例外，這有助於解釋為什麼某些地方提供擺脫貧困的途徑。 For poor children, living in an area where people have more friendships that cut across class lines significantly increases how much they earn in adulthood, the new research found. 新的研究發現，對貧困兒童來說，生活在一個較能跨越階級界線交朋友的地區，會大大增加他們成年後的收入。 The study, published in Nature, analyzed the Facebook friendships of 72 million people, amounting to 84% of U.S. adults ages 25 to 44. 這項發表在《自然》雜誌上的研究，分析7,200萬人在臉書上的交友情形，這一數字占全美25至44歲成人的84%。 The new analysis — the biggest of its kind — found the degree to which the rich and poor were connected explained why a neighborhood's children did better later in life, more than any other factor. 這項同類研究中規模最大的新分析發現，富人與窮人的聯繫程度，解釋了為何一個社區的小孩日後生活過得較好，影響超過其他任何因素。 The effect was profound. The study found that if poor children grew up in neighborhoods where 70% of their friends were wealthy — the typical rate for higher-income children — it would increase their future incomes by 20%, on average. 這種影響是深遠的。研究發現，若貧困兒童成長於70%朋友是富人的社區中－這是高收入兒童典型的比率－他們未來收入平均會增加20%。 These cross-class friendships — what the researchers called economic connectedness — had a stronger impact than school quality, family structure, job availability or a community's racial composition. The people you know, the study suggests, open up opportunities, and the growing class divide in the United States closes them off. 這些跨階級的友誼被研究人員稱為經濟關聯性，比學校素質、家庭結構、就業機會或社區種族構成影響更大。研究顯示，你認識的人開創了機會，而美國日益擴大的階級鴻溝卻將其關閉。 "Growing up in a community connected across class lines improves kids' outcomes and gives them a better shot at rising out of poverty," said Raj Chetty, an economist at Harvard University and the director of Opportunity Insights, which studies the roots of inequality and the contributors to economic mobility. He was one of the study's four principal authors. 哈佛大學研究機構「機會洞察」主任、經濟學家切堤說：「在一個跨越階級界線的社區中長大，會改善小孩的結局，他們擺脫貧窮的機會更大。」該機構研究不平等根源及經濟流動性的成因。他是上述研究四位主要作者之一。 Jimarielle Bowie grew up in a lower-middle-class family. Her parents divorced, lost jobs and lost homes. So when she made friends in high school with girls who lived on the rich side of town, their lifestyles intrigued her. Their houses were bigger; they ate different foods; and their parents — doctors, lawyers and pastors — had different goals and plans for their children, including applying for college. 吉馬里爾．鮑伊在一個中下階級家庭中成長。她的父母離異，失業且失去住處。因此，當她在高中結識了一些住在城市富人區的女孩時，她們的生活方式引起她的興趣。她們住在更大的房子，吃不同的食物，她們的父母是醫生、律師和牧師，對孩子有不同的目標和計畫，包括申請大學。 Bowie became the first person in her family to get a postgraduate degree. She's now a criminal defense lawyer — a job she found through a friend of one of those high school friends. 鮑伊成為家中第一個獲得碩士學位的人。她現在是個刑事辯護律師，這是她透過一個高中朋友的朋友找到的工作。 "My experience meeting people who were more affluent, I got to get in those circles, understand how those people think," she said. "I absolutely think it made a significant difference." 她說：「我跟較富有的人接觸的經歷，讓我進入那些圈子，了解他們的想法。我絕對認為這產生了重大影響。」

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