Experts Urge Strict Workplace Air Quality Standards, in Wake of Pandemic 專家呼籲 嚴格規範職場空品

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2021/06/04 第335期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 Spain Turns to Corruption Rehab for Officials Who Can't Stop Stealing 改革貪腐歪風 西班牙設勒戒所 Experts Urge Strict Workplace Air Quality Standards, in Wake of Pandemic 專家呼籲 嚴格規範職場空品

Spain Turns to Corruption Rehab for Officials Who Can't Stop Stealing 改革貪腐歪風 西班牙設勒戒所 文/Nicholas Casey 譯/陳韋廷 核稿/樂慧生 改革貪腐歪風 西班牙設勒戒所 Carlos Alburquerque isn't your typical rehab candidate. He's a 75-year-old grandfather living in Córdoba, a city in southern Spain. He was a town notary before he retired in 2015. He hasn't touched drugs or alcohol in years. 卡洛斯•阿布奎基不是常人眼中該進勒戒所的人。他住在西班牙南部哥多華市，是個75歲的祖父。2015年退休前他是市鎮公證人。他已多年沒碰毒品和酒。 But his isn't your typical rehab program: It's an 11-month boot camp to reform corrupt Spanish officials and "reinsert" them into mainstream society. 但他接受的並非一般勒戒計畫，而是為期11個月的訓練營，目的是改造西班牙的貪官汙吏，並將他們「重新注入」主流社會。 "Repairing the damage is what is left for me in this life," said Alburquerque, who is serving a four-year prison sentence for stealing around 400,000 euros (nearly $500,000) in his work drawing up contracts and deeds. 阿布奎基說：「這一生只求彌補過錯。」他在草擬合約和地契時私吞約40萬歐元（近50萬美元），被判入獄4年。 Over the course of 32 sessions in an austere conference room in Córdoba's penitentiary, Alburquerque will be monitored by a team of psychiatrists. He will sit for group therapy sessions with titles like "personal abilities" and "values." He is, in some ways, the guinea pig of an experiment meant to answer an age-old question: Buried deep in the soul of a swindler like Alburquerque, might there be an honest man? 在哥多華監獄一間簡樸的會議室內進行32次療程期間，阿布奎基將受到一組精神科醫生監控。他將參加「個人能力」和「價值」等團體治療課程。某種程度上，他是一個實驗的白老鼠，實驗旨在回答一個老問題：像阿布奎基這種騙子的性靈深處，會有個誠實的自我嗎？ That such a program exists in Spain may say much about the country's belief in second chances as it does about how corruption has captured the public imagination here. Flip open a newspaper or turn on the radio: You will hear of schemes, scandals and skulduggery. 西班牙有此計畫，說明該國相信第二次機會，以及貪腐問題受公眾注視。翻開報紙或打開收音機，你會聽到陰謀、醜聞與詐欺。 Ángel Luis Ortiz, a former judge who now runs Spain's prisons, said the boom-bust cycles of Spain's economy had led it to a long history of fraudsters and betrayals of public trust. 曾任法官、現在主管西班牙監獄的安赫爾•路易斯•歐提茲說，西班牙經濟的盛衰循環，造就了詐欺和背叛公眾信任的悠久歷史。 But at least, corruption rates in Spain were no worse than in other European nations, Ortiz said, just 5% of all crimes.It was Spain's will to rehabilitate the offenders that set it apart from the rest, Ortiz said. 歐提茲表示，西班牙貪瀆率並不比其他歐洲國家高，僅占所有刑事案件的5%。西班牙想讓罪犯自新，才是它有別於他國之處。 Nine prisons are running programs so far, which began in March. Prisoners don't get reduced sentences for joining, but officials say participating is looked on favorably when it comes time to request parole. 目前已有9所監獄實施這項從3月開始的計畫。囚犯不會因為加入而獲減刑，但參加者申請假釋時會加分。 Yet for all the volunteers, Ortiz still thinks his biggest challenge may be convincing Spain's corrupt officials that there actually might be something wrong with them. 雖有不少人自願參加，歐提茲仍認為，最大挑戰可能在於讓西班牙的貪腐官員相信，他們可能真的有問題。 For that, the government turned to Sergio Ruiz, a prison psychiatrist who helped design the program. Ruiz said that in addition to getting participants to recognize their flaws in group therapy, inmates would eventually be asked to participate in "restorative justice" sessions where they would ask for forgiveness from their victims. 政府為此求助於監獄精神科醫生塞吉奧•魯伊茲，他幫忙設計了這個計畫。他表示除了讓參加者在團體治療中認識到自身缺陷外，最終還會要求他們參加「修復式正義」的課程，請求受害者饒恕。 Experts Urge Strict Workplace Air Quality Standards, in Wake of Pandemic 專家呼籲 嚴格規範職場空品 文/Apoorva Mandavilli 譯/李京倫 核稿/樂慧生 專家呼籲 嚴格規範職場空品 Clean water in 1842, food safety in 1906, a ban on lead-based paint in 1971. These sweeping public health reforms transformed not just our environment but expectations for what governments can do. 1842年潔淨水，1906年食品安全，1971年禁用含鉛塗料。這些影響廣泛的公共衛生改革不僅改變我們的環境，也轉變我們對政府能做什麼的期望。 Now it is time to do the same for indoor air quality, according to a group of 39 scientists. In a manifesto of sorts published in the journal Science, the researchers called for a "paradigm shift" in how citizens and government officials think about the quality of the air we breathe indoors. 一個由39名科學家組成的團體指出，現在該要求政府管管室內空氣品質了。這些研究人員在「科學」期刊發表類似宣言的文章，要求公民和官員思考我們呼吸的室內空氣品質時要「典範轉移」。 The timing of the scientists' call to action coincides with the nation's large-scale reopening as coronavirus cases steeply decline: Americans are anxiously facing a return to offices, schools, restaurants and theaters — exactly the type of crowded indoor spaces in which the coronavirus is thought to thrive. 這批科學家呼籲採取行動之際，美國正因新冠肺炎新增病例驟降而大舉重啟經濟，民眾則對回歸辦公室、學校、餐廳和影戲院感到焦慮，這些場所就是公認新冠病毒相當容易散播的擁擠室內空間。 There is little doubt now that the coronavirus can linger in the air indoors, floating far beyond the recommended 6 feet of distance, the experts declared. The accumulating research puts the onus on policymakers and building engineers to provide clean air in public buildings and to minimize the risk of respiratory infections, they said. 專家說，新冠病毒能在室內空氣中存活，飄散得比當局建議的社交距離6呎遠得多，幾無疑義。專家指出，到目前為止的研究顯示，決策者和建築工程師有責任使公共建物內空氣潔淨，並盡可能降低呼吸道感染風險。 "We expect to have clean water from the taps," said Lidia Morawska, the group's leader and an aerosol physicist at Queensland University of Technology in Australia. "We expect to have clean, safe food when we buy it in the supermarket. In the same way, we should expect clean air in our buildings and any shared spaces." 這篇文章的領銜者、澳洲昆士蘭科技大學氣溶膠物理學家莉迪亞．莫羅斯卡說：「我們會預期水龍頭流出乾淨的水，也會預期在超市買到的食品乾淨安全，同樣地，我們應該預期在身處的大樓等公共場所擁有乾淨的空氣。」 Meeting the group's recommendations would require new workplace standards for air quality, but the scientists maintained that the remedies do not have to be onerous. Air quality in buildings can be improved with a few simple fixes, they said: adding filters to existing ventilation systems, using portable air cleaners and ultraviolet lights — or even just opening the windows where possible. 要把這個團體的建議付諸實行，得提高工作場所的空氣品質標準，不過這群科學家堅稱，他們提出的解方未必難以實施。他們說，大樓裡的空氣品質可以靠一些簡單方法改善：給既有的通風系統加上過濾器，使用攜帶式空氣清淨機和紫外線，甚至只是盡可能打開窗戶。 Morawska led a group of 239 scientists who last year called on the World Health Organization to acknowledge that the coronavirus can spread in tiny droplets, or aerosols, that drift through the air. The WHO had insisted that the virus spreads only in larger, heavier droplets and by touching contaminated surfaces, contradicting its own 2014 rule to assume all new viruses are airborne. 以莫羅斯卡為首、共239名科學家組成的團體，去年呼籲世界衛生組織承認，新冠病毒能以飄浮在空氣中的迷你飛沫（或稱氣溶膠）傳播。世衛堅稱新冠病毒只以較大較重的飛沫形式傳播，或藉由碰觸被病毒汙染的表面傳播，違背了世衛自己在2014年制訂、假設所有新病毒都能夠透過空氣傳播的規則。 The WHO conceded on July 9 that transmission of the virus by aerosols could be responsible for "outbreaks of COVID-19 reported in some closed settings" but only at short range. 世衛去年7月9日承認，以氣溶膠傳播的新冠病毒可能是「一些密閉場所疫情爆發」的原因，但氣溶膠只能飄浮短距離。

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